Abstract
Objective: To investigate the types of interorganizational cooperation present in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategies implemented by Brazil, the United States, and the European Union.
Originality/Value: The study highlighted a multidisciplinary approach to understanding AI, focusing on interorganizational cooperation, an area underexplored in the literature dominated by computer science.
Methods: This is an explanatory, descriptive, qualitative, and documentary research, utilizing content analysis to explore the strategies.
Results: A predominance of multi-actor cooperation in AI strategies, with less frequent mentions of exclusive collaborations among members of the same sector. The public sector's role in adopting and promoting AI is emphasized.
Conclusions: The research underscores the importance of multi-actor partnerships and the active role of the public sector in AI strategies. Methodological challenges indicate the need for more objective methods of content analysis in future studies and expanded analysis of national AI strategies.
References
Adner, R. (2017). Ecosystem as Structure: An Actionable Construct for Strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316678451
Aoki, N. (2020). An experimental study of public trust in AI chatbots in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 37(4), 101490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101490
Autio, E., & Thomas, L. (2014). Innovation Ecosystems: Implications for Innovation Management (p. 204–228).
Bardin, L. (2015). Análise de Conteúdo (1a edição). Edições 70.
Barney, J. B., & Hesterly, W. S. (2019). Strategic management and competitive advantage: Concepts and cases. Pearson. https://thuvienso.hoasen.edu.vn/handle/123456789/12874
Berryhill, J., Heang, K. K., Clogher, R., & McBride, K. (2020). Hello, World: Artificial Intelligence and its use in the public sector. https://oecd-opsi.org/publications/hello-world-ai/
Brasil. (2004). Lei no 10.973, de 2 de dezembro de 2004. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2004/lei/l10.973.htm
Brasil, M. da C., Tecnologia e Inovações. (2021). Estratégia brasileira de inteligência artificial: Ebia. https://bit.ly/3C6LgY4
Cath, C. (2018). Governing artificial intelligence: Ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2133), 20180080. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080
Comissão Europeia. (2018). Comunicação da comissão ao parlamento europeu, ao conselho europeu, ao conselho, ao comitê económico e social e ao comitê das regiões: Plano coordenado para a inteligência artificial. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0795&from=ES
Completa, E. R. (2017). Capacidad estatal: ¿qué tipo de capacidades y para qué tipo de Estado? POSTData: Revista de Reflexión y Análisis Político, 22(1), 111–140.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Projeto de pesquisa - 2.ed.: Métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. Penso Editora.
da Silva Filho, A. I., de Oliveira Carneiro, D. K., & de Souza Coelho, F. (2022). Inteligência artificial aplicada a gestão da inovação no setor público. XLVI encontro da ANPAD - EnANPAD 2022. http://anpad.com.br/uploads/articles/120/approved/abdf6bdb7570e8f9d4338f84bd169130.pdf
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-friendly Guide for Social Scientists. Routledge.
Eindhoven University of Technology and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (2022). Iteration. https://programming-pybook.github.io/introProgramming/chapters/iteration.html#intro
European Commision. (2018, abril 25). Communication Artificial Intelligence for Europe | Shaping Europe’s digital future. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/communication-artificial-intelligence-europe
European Commission. (2021). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
Fatima, S., Desouza, K. C., & Dawson, G. S. (2020). National strategic artificial intelligence plans: A multi-dimensional analysis. Economic Analysis and Policy, 67, 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.07.008
Faulconbridge, J., Sarwar, A., & Spring, M. (2023). How Professionals Adapt to Artificial Intelligence: The Role of Intertwined Boundary Work. Journal of management studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12936
Bitencourt-Fortes, M. V.; Wegner, D. & Peña-Ramirez, C. (2022). Redes interorganizacionales e interpersonales: el flujo de información estratégica entre empresas competidoras. Fórum Empresarial, 26, 31-56.
Gil, A. C. (2008). Métodos E Técnicas De Pesquisa Social (6a edição). Atlas.
Godoi, C. K., Blikstein, I., Bandeira-De-Mello, R., SILVA, A. B. D., Cunha, C. J. C. de A., Godoy, A. S., Freitas, H. M. R. de, Mattos, P. L. C. L. de, Vieira, P. H. F., Ichikawa, E. Y., Alves, M. A., Macke, J., Oliveira, M. R. S. de, Balsini, C. P. V., Neto, R. R., Santos, L. W. D., Boeira, S. L., & Oliveira, M. (2017). Pesquisa Qualitativa Em Estudos Organizacionais. Saraiva Educação S.A.
Goedert, A. R. (2005). Governança em rede de desenvolvimento e a experiência em Santa Catarina [Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/102935
GPAI, T. G. P. on A. I. (2022). Future of work: Working Group on the Future of Work. https://gpai.ai/projects/future-of-work/
Greenhalgh, A. a. M. S., Conte, A. C., & Iwashita, M. K. P. (2022). Prospecção para parcerias e negócios em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/1152312
Grindle, M. S. (1996). Challenging the State: Crisis and Innovation in Latin America and Africa. Cambridge University Press.
Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3<217::AID-SMJ95>3.0.CO;2-Y
Kim, T., Sexton, J. C., & Marler, L. E. (2023). Innovation as a mixed gamble in family firms: The moderating effect of inter-organizational cooperation. Small Business Economics, 60(4), 1389–1408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00668-9
La Pelle, N. (2004). Simplifying Qualitative Data Analysis Using General Purpose Software Tools. Field Methods, 16(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X03259227
Leite, E. (2022). Innovation networks for social impact: An empirical study on multi-actor collaboration in projects for smart cities. Journal of Business Research, 139, 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.072
Li, D., Eden, L., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2008). Friends, Acquaintances, or Strangers? Partner Selection in R&D Alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 51(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.31767271
Livingston, M. (2020). Preventing Racial Bias in Federal AI. Journal of Science Policy & Governance, 16(02). https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG160205
Loiola, E., & Moura, S. (1996). Análise de redes: Uma contribuição aos estudos organizacionais. FISCHER, Tânia. Gestão contemporânea, cidades estratégicas e organizações locais, 2, 53–68.
Malmegrin, M. L. (2011). Gestão de redes de cooperação na esfera pública. UFSC. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4642117/mod_resource/content/1/Gest%C3%A3o%20de%20Redes%20de%20Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20na%20Esfera%20P%C3%BAblica.pdf
McAlister, A. M., Lee, D. M., Ehlert, K. M., Kajfez, R. L., Faber, C. J., & Kennedy, M. S. (2017, junho 24). Qualitative Coding: An Approach to Assess Inter-Rater Reliability. 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. https://peer.asee.org/qualitative-coding-an-approach-to-assess-inter-rater-reliability
Minhoto, L. D. (2001). As redes e o desenvolvimento social. Cadernos Fundap. https://www.academia.edu/21870572/As_redes_e_o_desenvolvimento_social
Miles, Raymond E., & Snow, Charles C. (1992). Causes of failure in network organizations. California Management Review, 34(4), 53-72.
National Science and Technology Council (US), S. C. on A. I. (2019). The national artificial intelligence research and development strategic plan: 2019 update. https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/National-AI-RD-Strategy-2019.pdf
Newell, A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pérez-Núñez, S., & Serrano-Santoyo, A. (2020). Multi Actor Network Perspective: CaliBaja an emergent binational innovation ecosystem. Tecnologia Inovação Management Review, 10(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1320
Powell, W. (1990). Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 12, 295–336.
Ramírez, C. P., Levy, A., Ramírez, C. P., & Levy, A. (2022). Network Strategy for Entrepreneurs. Em Next Generation Entrepreneurship. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101641
Roco, M. C. (2008). Possibilities for global governance of converging technologies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 10(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-007-9269-8
Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (Fourth edition). Pearson.
Sabry, M. I. (2015). Good governance, institutions and performance of public private partnerships. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(7), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2015-0005
Singh, H., & Singh, A. (2023). ChatGPT: Systematic Review, Applications, and Agenda for Multidisciplinary Research. Journal of Chinese economic and business studies, 21(2), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2023.2210482
Street, C. T., & Cameron, A. (2007). External Relationships and the Small Business: A Review of Small Business Alliance and Network Research**. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(2), 239–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2007.00211.x
Sun, T. Q., & Medaglia, R. (2019). Mapping the challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the public sector: Evidence from public healthcare. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 368–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.09.008
Tirole, J. (1988). The Theory of Industrial Organization. MIT Press.
Todeva, Emanuela (2006). Business Networks: Strategy and Structure. New York: Routledge.
Toni, J. (2021) Reflexões sobre o Planejamento Estratégico no Setor Público. (Cadernos Enap, 84) 154 p. : iL
Unesco. (2020). Outcome document: First draft of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence—UNESCO Digital Library. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373434
Vacanti, N. M. (2019). The Fundamentals of Constructing and Interpreting Heat Maps. Em S.-M. Fendt & S. Y. Lunt (Orgs.), Metabolic Signaling: Methods and Protocols (p. 279–291). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8769-6_20
Valle-Cruz, D., Fernandez-Cortez, V., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2022). From E-budgeting to smart budgeting: Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence in government decision-making for resource allocation. Government Information Quarterly, 39(2), 101644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101644
van Dijk, L., Buller, H. J., Blokhuis, H. J., van Niekerk, T., Voslarova, E., Manteca, X., Weeks, C. A., & Main, D. C. J. (2019). HENNOVATION: Learnings from Promoting Practice-Led Multi-Actor Innovation Networks to Address Complex Animal Welfare Challenges within the Laying Hen Industry. Animals, 9(1), Artigo 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9010024
World Economic Forum,. (2019). A Framework for Developing a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution. https://www.weforum.org/publications/a-framework-for-developing-a-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy/
Yeung, K. (2020). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD). International Legal Materials, 59(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.5
Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y.-C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3), 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saulo De Oliveira Nonato, Shalon da Silva de Souza Figueiredo, Carlos Andre de Melo Alves, Cleidson Nogueira Dias